This paper needs you to make measurements using many different types of instruments. You should see the instruments, handle them, discuss their scales and the scale units before using the instruments.
4. Table:
You should know how
to record measurements in a table. A table should record all the measurements
needed to obtain the value of a given physical quantity.
For example if a
length l is derived from l = l2
- l1 then l1 and l2 should appear in the table.
Columns (or
rows) in the table should be headed with the name of symbol of the physical
quantity. The unit in which the quantity is measured should be included. The SI
method is recommended. Encourage neat work.
6. Ideally, when performing
an experiment (and relevant readings are recorded) it is helpful to arrange the
experiment so that one variable is increased step by step. You should
always look for a trend in the recorded results.
Some trends are
·
y increases as x increases
·
straight line through the
origin, if x is doubled then y is doubled, direct proportionality
·
y decreases as x increases
·
x times y = k, inversely proportionality. Inverse proportionality is
generally not properly understood
Graph
A graph is the best way to display the results of an experiment.
·
y/unit against x/unit should be understood as the label of each axis
·
axes should
q be labelled with quantity, unit and scaled
q as large as possible, but should not use an awkward scale to achieve
the size
·
plotting should be neat and as
accurate as possible
·
graph lines should be neat,
thin and a good fit (if there is scatter of points they should lie either side
of the line{in a rough way!! }). Straight lines should FILL the page (even
beyond the range of points) so that any gradient calculation can use the
largest Dy and Dx. Students should understand why! (Dy is a measurement.)
· You should describe what
information is obtained from a graph.
Good procedures: -
·
repeat readings to spot
anomalous errors or to calculate an average
·
avoid making parallax errors,
{the line of sight should be perpendicular to the reading on the scale}
·
look carefully at any scale
that is used eg
q notice the unit in which the scale is calibrated - always give the
unit of any measurement
q notice the maximum reading that can be obtained
q notice the smallest change in value that can be obtained
q aim to use quantities that have magnitudes that are towards the
upper values of the scale
·
in experiments involving the measurement of a length
q try to use lengths that are at least 100 mm in length
q you can measure to the nearest mm with a rule, or perhaps 0.5 mm
q when measuring heights ensure that the rule is held perpendicular to
the base
q know how to arrange apparatus so that it is parallel or
perpendicular to a bench
q know how to arrange a set square either side of a cylinder/sphere to
measure diameter
·
in light experiments using objects, lenses and a screen
q ensure that each item is aligned so that the centre of each item is
at the same height and on the same horizontal straight line (ideally use the
term optic axis)
q use a fiducial aid when measuring a length, eg mark the middle of
the lens on the bench
q try to use a translucent screen
q perform the experiment in a shaded part of the laboratory
·
in ray tracing experiments
q when using marker pins space the pins so that they are at least 60
mm apart
q ensure that the pins are vertical
q draw neat thin lines
q use the largest angles available and draw the arms of the angle
longer than the radius of any protractor being used, ie a large radius is
desirable
·
when using a thermometer
q position the eye so that the mercury thread appears to touch the
scale
q decide whether you can read between the marks on the thermometer, ie
some thermometers can be read to better than 1 ºC even though the marks are
every º C
q check whether the thermometer is full or 1/3 immersion
·
in heat experiments
q choose volume/mass values of the quantities that give large changes
in the temperature
q insulate the container, cover the container
q stir and wait for highest temperature after stopping heating
·
in electrical experiments
q check for a zero error
q tap the meter to avoid sticking
q initially choose the highest range for the ammeter/voltmeter, then
reduce the range for the ammeter so that the deflection is almost full scale
q always check polarities before closing the switch (completing the circuit)
q always check that connections are clean.
q switch off the current when not making a measurement.
q when measuring resistance use low currents/voltages to avoid heating
and changing the resistance you are measuring
·
when measuring an interval of time
q a stopwatch can measure to about 0.1 s, although it may give a
reading to 0.01 s
q for oscillations (of a pendulum or vibrating rule), be able to
define a complete oscillation
q time N oscillations, usually N>10 and use the terminology
periodic time T = t/N
q explain how to use a fiducial aid at the centre of the oscillation
q explain where the eye should be placed to avoid parallax errors
Adapted from CIE Teacher Support - Community..
Thanks this was helpful
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